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HYPOTHYROIDISM CLINICAL FEATURES

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     1.       What are the clinical features of congenital hypothyroidism in a newborn? The clinical manifestations are commonly subtle in newborns with congenital hypothyroidism (CH).   Newborns with CH may be asymptomatic because of presence of maternal T 4 (which contributes to approximately one-third of circulating T 4 in a newborn) and residual functioning thyroid tissue.   FEATURES AT BIRTH   The classical symptoms of congenital hypothyroidism include ·          lethargy, ·          hoarse cry, ·          feeding difficulty, ·          constipation not responding to treatment, and increased somnolence.   The characteristic signs of CH include ·          Prolonged neonatal jaundice, ·   ...
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Congenital Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis

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What are the parts of pylorus? The incisura angularis divides the stomach into a body to the left and a pyloric portion to the right. The sulcus intermedius further divides the pyloric portion of the stomach: the pyloric vestibule to the left, denoted by an outward convexity of the greater curvature. The pyloric antrum or pyloric canal to the right The pyloric antrum is 2.5 cm and terminates in pyloric orifice into duodenum.   What happens to the normal anatomical structural in CHPS? In infants with IHPS, the pyloric ring is no longer identifiable as a clearly definable separation between the normally distensible pyloric antrum and the duodenal cap. Instead, a channel of variable length (1.5–2.0 cm) corresponding to the pyloric canal separates the normally distensible portion of the antrum from the duodenal cap. ·          Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis  was first fully described by  Harald Hirschsprung  i...
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Febrile Seizure: Review

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Febrile Seizures   What is febrile seizure? Febrile seizures are seizures that are caused by a sudden spike in body temperature with fevers greater than 38C or 100.4F, with no other underlying seizure-provoking causes or diseases such as the central nervous system (CNS) infections, electrolyte abnormalities, drug withdrawal, trauma, genetic predisposition or known epilepsy. There shouldn't be any prior history of afebrile seizure as in such case the fever might be the cause of breakthrough seizure. however , there are no consensus regarding inclusion or exclusion of children with neurodevelopment disorder such as Autism spectrum disorder which has the predisposition to seizures. Age of presentation: As per American academy of Pediatrics: 6 months to 5 years (however cases unto 7 years of age have been diagnosed as FS) As per earlier definition ILAE - infant up to age of 1 month can be diagnosed as FS. As per NIH (National Institute of Health) children between 3 months and 5 years ...
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